1. Comprehension
2. Precise-writing
3. Re-arrangement of sentences
4. Correction of sentences
5. Synonyms
6. Antonyms
7. Filling in the blanks
8. Correction of spellings
9. Vocabulary and usage
10. Idioms and phrases
11. Verb tenses
12. Prepositions
13. Active voice and Passive voice
14. parts of speech

Candidate should write three Essays one from each part compulsorily.
Each part contains three topics.
Each Essay carries 50 marks.

PART-I - Crisis Management, Social problems, Analysis and solutions.

PART-II - Current events of national importance.

PART-III - Current events relating to State of Andhra Pradesh.

1. Evolution of Ancient Indian Culture : Indus valley civilization, origin and spread-characteristic features - urbanism-socio-economic system-trade and commerce-religious condition-causes for decline-vedic civilisation-socio-economic Organisation-evolution of varna-jati/caste. system-religious conditions-vedic texts, literature and philosophy -significance of 6th century BC - rise of new religious movements - Jainism & Buddhism - basic principles - teachings - spread and decline - contribution to Indian Culture - Fine Arts - Architecture - Gandhara & Mathura - Amaravati School.

2. Advent of Islam and its impact - Rise of Bhakti and Sufi Movements in South and North India - Religious cults - Alwars-Nayanars - Vaishnavism - Saivism - Bhakti saints - Guru Nanak, Kabir etc. emergence of comosite culture-socio-economic and cultural conditions. Growth of Vernacular Languages/Literature - Fine arts, Architecture/Monuments - Indo - Persian Art and Architecture.

3. Rise and growth of Socio-Religious-cultural - anti-caste, Dalit and non-Brahmin, Justice/self-respect movements in modern India - Social reform organisations and role of intellectuals - Raja Ram Mohan Roy - Dayanand Saraswathi - Annie Beasant-Jyotiba Phule-Narayana Guru-Savithribai Phule-Pandita Ramabai- Mahatma Gandhi-Ramaswamy Naickar-Ambedkar and others.

4. Anti-colonial and nationalist movements- tribal and peasant uprisings in the 19th century- revolt of 1957 and its impact - rise of nationalist consciousness and factors for the growth of Indian Nationalism - Press and Journalism - Emergence of Gandhian Nationalism and significance of Ghandian Era.

5. Nationalist Literature - growth of peasant and labour movements - role of leftist parties in anti-feudal and anti-colonial struggles-rise and growth of Women's movements - origin and growth of communalism - workers and peasant movements - partition and freedom and its legacy.

1. The Satavahanas and their contribution - social structure - religious conditions - growth of literature and painting - Ikshvakus and their cultural contribution - Buddhism - Buddhist Monuments - The Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi and their importance - socio-cultural contribution - growth of Telugu language & Literature - education and learning - Religious Sects - growth of art and architecture.

2. Socio- Cultural and Religious conditions in Andhra Desha between 1000 AD - 1565 AD Growth of Telugu Language and Literature - Nannaya- Molla etc., fine arts and architecture - Monuments - Significance - Contribution of Qutubshahis to Telugu language and Literature - Art- Architecture- Monuments.

3. Establishment of British rule - 1857 revolt and its impact on Andhra and Hyderabad Socio-cultural awakening - Brahma Samaj, Arya Samaj, Theosohica society - Adi-Andhra, Adi-Hindu Movements and role of Veerashalingam and Raghupati Venkataratnam Naidu - Non-Brahmin, Adi- Andhra / Dalit and Justice/self -respect movements - Tripuraneni Ramaswamy Chaudhary - Kattamanchi Ramalinga Reddy - Bhagya Reddy Varma - Gurram Joshuva - Kusuma Dharmanna- Bhoi Bheemanna - Sri Sri and others - Growth of Nationalist Movement in Andhra between 1885-1947 - Role of socialists - communists - anti- zamindari-kisan movements.

4. Asafjahi Dynasty and Nizam Ali khan - socio-cultural awakening in Telangana Role of Arya Samaj-Adi-Hindu Movement - Nizam Rashtra Janasangham - Andhra Mahasabha - Andhra Saraswat Parishad - Hyderabad State Congress and Vandemataram Movement.

5. Growth of leftist/communist movement and Telangana People's Armed Struggle - Ittehadul-Muslimeen - Razakars-anti-Nizam Struggles and end of Nizam's Rule.

1. Nature of the Constitution - constitutional developments - distinctive features of federal character - fundamental rights relationship with the Directive Principles of State Policy.

2. Distribution of Legislative Powers between the Union and the State ; Administrative and Financial relations between the Union and the States - Powers and the functions of Constitutional Bodies.

3. Unicameral and Bicameral Legislatures - Functions and crises of accountability, decline of legislature - Delegated Legislation - Legislative and Judicial control over the delegated legislation - Judicial review of administrative action.

4. Amendment of the Constitution - Basic Structure Theory - Emergency Provisions and De-centralisation - Community development experiment - e tier model of Panchayat Raj - 73rd and 74th amendment and its implementation.

5. Welfare Mechanism in India : Provisions for scheduled castes, Tribes and Minorities ; Reservations for SC, ST and Backward classes; Prevention of SC and ST Atrocities Act ; National SC and ST Commission ; Women's Commission ; National Minorities Commission and Human Rights Commission.

1. National and per capita income and human development - Sectoral changes in the Indian Economy (GDP and work force).

2. Indian Planning - Objectives, priorities, specific aims of the recent 5 year plan - experience and problems. Changes in the role of public-Private Sectors and their shares in the total plan outlay before and after economic reforms.

3. Poverty and unemployment problems- magnitude and measures initiated to ameliorate them.

4. Monetary policy - Structure of Indian Banking and non-banking financial institutions and reforms in them since the 1990s-regulation of credit by RBI.

5. Pattern of revenue, expenditure and public debt and effects on the economy.

1. Historical background of land reforms and the change in laws from time to time - Intermediaries abolition, tenancy reforms, ceilings on holdings and land issues in A>P.

2. Structure of the Andhra Pradesh economy - its sectoral and regional distribution and the extent of poverty. Agricultural inputs and technology.

3. Demographic features and social backwardness, literacy and occupation structure; changes in the sectoral distribution of income and emloyment. Socio-political and economic empowerment of Women.

4. State finances and budgetary policy - tax structure, sharing central taxes, expenditure pattern in revenue and capital account as well as plan and non-plan accounts. Public debt - composition - internal and external debt including world Bank loans.

5. Five year plans of AP - Outlays, financing public sector plan and resource allocation pattern in the recent 5 year plan.

1. Growth and structure of industries in AP; factories, small and tiny sectors, their comparison, growth, weaknesses and problems.

2. Structure of agricultural outputs. Administrated prices including support and procurement prices - Public Distibution System in Andhra Pradesh.

3. Regional disparities in income, industrial output, rainfall, irrigation, health and education in AP.

4. Institutional and non-institutional sources of rural credit in AP - structure and growth - cooperatives and their share in total credit - adequacy and problems.

5. Service Sector of AP - Importance, composition and growth with special reference to transport and communication, tourism and information technology.

UNIT 1: National policy of science and technology and changes in the policy from time to time, Technology Missions.

UNIT 2: Space programme in India and its applications with special reference to industrial, agricultural and other rural developmental activities, INSAT and IRS systems.

UNIT 3: Role of Information Technology in Rural india, basics of computers, computers in communication and broadcasting, software development in economic growth. Broad IT applications.

UNIT 4: Energy Resources : Energy demands, renewable energy resources, nuclear energy, the development and its utilisation in the country.

UNIT 5: Current S & T Developments in India, Climate change, Disaster Management (Floods, Cyclones and Tsunami); Crop science in India, Fertilisers, Control of pests and diseases - scenario in India; Drinking water and supply, urbanisation and industrial development.

UNIT 1: Introduction to Biotechnology: History of fermentation development, Industrially important fermentation products (antibiotics, organic acids, alcohols, vitamins, amino acids (only one in each category is to be studied)) Production of low volume, high value fermentation products (insulin, growth hormones, recombinant vaccines, interferons)

UNIT 2: Plants and human affairs, characteristics of plants, usefulness for mankind, origin of agriculture, useful and harmful plants. Introduction to animals, Domestic and wild animals, usefulness of animals for mankind, Exploitation of animals by man for food and medical advancements.

UNIT 3: Introduction to and applications of Genetic Engineering & Stem Cell Research: Basic concepts (the basic process of genetic engineering) - Biotechnology in agriculture (Biofertilisers, Biopesticides, Biofuels, Genetically modified crops, Tissue culture) animal husbandry (transgenic animals-applications) and environment (Biotechnology in Environmental clean up processes).

UNIT 4: Microbial infections : Common present day infections and preventive measures. Introduction to bacterial, viral, protozoal and fungal infections. Basic knowledge of infections caused by different groups of micro organisms - diarrhoea, dysentry, cholera, tuberculosis, malaria, viral infections like HIV, encephalitis, chikungunya, bird flu - preventive measures during out breaks.

UNIT 5: Vaccines : Introduction to immunity, Fundamental concepts in vaccination and traditional methods of vaccine production (production of DPT and Rabies vaccine), Production of Modern Vaccines (production of Hepatitis vaccine), Applications of immunological methods in diagnosis.

UNIT 1: Environmental Segments, Promoting Environmental protection. The Environment (Protection) Act, Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, Water (Prevention and control of pollution) Act, Water pollution cess Ac, Forest conservation Act, Environmentalism.

UNIT 2: Natural Resources : Forest Resources - Types of Forests, Uses of Forests. Water Resources- Types of Dams, Drought Occurrences and Floods, Land Resources: Soils and Cropping patterns, Mineral resources.

UNIT 3: Eco-Systems and Bio-diversity: Terminology of Ecology, Basic Concepts of Ecology, concept of an Ecosystem, Food Chains in Eco systems, Types of Eco systems. Biodiversity and its conservation : Types of biodiversity, Hotspots of Biodiversity, threats to diversity.

UNIT 4: Environment Pollution and Solid Waste Management: Air Pollution, water pollution, Soil Pollution, Noise pollution. Solid Waste Management: Types of Solid waste, Factors affecting the solid waste generation, Impact of solid wastes, Recycling and reuse.

UNIT 5: Role of Information Technology in Environment and Human Health. Global Environmental Issues like Climate Change, Acid Rain, Global warming. Wasteland Reclamation, Watershed management,watershed approach for sustainable development.

1. Data appreciation and interpretation using ratios, percentages and averages.

2. Drawing conclusions from the data present in tabular, graphical and diagrammatical forms and to point out deficiencies, limitations or inconsistencies therein.

3. Problem solving using the following:

   1. Sequences and Series : Analogies of numbers and alphabets, completion of blank spaces in a:b::c:d, odd thing out, missing number in a sequence or series.

   2. Coding and decoding problems : A given word or group of letters in English are to be coded or decoded based on the given code(s).

   3. Date, time and arrangement problems : Calender and clock problems, blood relationship and seating arrangements.

   4. Passage Analysis : A duly structured situation will be presented to the candidates adn they will be asked to analyse and suggest their own solution to the problem arising out of situation. Alternatively, they may be called upon to prove the understanding of the situation by aswering certain searching questions based on the situation.